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The rear derailleur is a key component of a bicycle's gear-shifting system, located near the rear wheel. It moves the bike’s chain between the different cogs on the rear cassette when the rider changes gears. Operated by shifters on the handlebars, the derailleur uses a spring-loaded arm and to maintain chain tension and guide it smoothly across gears. Rear derailleurs enhance riding efficiency by allowing cyclists to adjust gear ratios based on terrain, making uphill climbs or high-speed riding easier and more efficient.